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Application of the Energy Equation01:04

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The application of the energy equation to centrifugal pumps is a fundamental principle in fluid dynamics and engineering. In this scenario, the energy equation is used to calculate the flow rate of a centrifugal pump responsible for transferring water between two reservoirs at different elevations. The pump applies an energy input of 7500 joules per second, and the vertical difference between the lower and upper reservoirs is 10 meters. Additionally, the head loss due to friction and other...
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Open channel flow, where a fluid flows with a free surface exposed to the atmosphere, is primarily governed by gravitational and surface effects, distinguishing it from closed conduit or pipe flow. In open channels such as rivers, canals, and artificial channels, energy analysis provides valuable insights into flow behavior and the relationship between depth, velocity, and slope.Specific Energy and Flow DepthIn open channel flow, the specific energy, E, combines the gravitational potential...
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Consider a turbine operating under steady-flow conditions. The control volume is drawn around the turbine, with fluid entering at one point and exiting at another. The turbine extracts energy from the fluid, which performs mechanical work (shaft work).
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Updated: May 10, 2025

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Water-Energy Nexus: Membrane Engineering Towards a Sustainable Development.

Alessandra Criscuoli1

  • 1Institute on Membrane Technology (CNR-ITM), Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy.

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|April 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Improving water desalination is key for sustainable development and combating climate change. New methods combine reverse osmosis (RO) with other membrane processes to boost energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.

Keywords:
desalinationmembrane distillationreverse osmosiswater–energy nexus

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Sustainable development, including clean water access and climate change mitigation, is a global priority, guided by the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • Water and energy sectors are intrinsically linked, with significant energy demands for water treatment and desalination processes.
  • Fossil fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions are primary drivers of climate change, highlighting the need for energy-efficient solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future prospects of energy-efficient desalination technologies.
  • To explore innovative membrane-based approaches for enhancing freshwater recovery and minimizing environmental impact.
  • To investigate strategies for reducing the energy footprint of desalination, particularly reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of state-of-the-art desalination techniques, focusing on reverse osmosis (RO).
  • Evaluation of hybrid systems coupling RO with pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and forward osmosis (FO).
  • Assessment of osmotic-assisted reverse osmosis (OARO) and membrane distillation (MD) integrated with RO for increased water recovery and brine management.

Main Results:

  • Several hybrid membrane systems show promise for improving energy efficiency in water desalination.
  • Coupling RO with PRO, RED, and FO offers pathways to enhanced water production and reduced energy consumption.
  • Integrating MD with RO can increase freshwater recovery and decrease the volume of disposed brine, with a focus on reducing thermal energy demand.

Conclusions:

  • Energy-efficient desalination is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals and mitigating climate change.
  • Hybrid membrane processes, including RO coupled with other osmotic or electrodialysis techniques, represent a significant advancement.
  • Reducing the energy demand of desalination, especially thermal energy for MD, is vital for aligning water production with climate action.