Myocardial Infarction in the Young: Aetiology, Emerging Risk Factors, and the Role of Novel Biomarkers

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention has advanced, yet premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) incidence is rising in individuals under 50.
• This trend is linked to increased prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors like type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidaemia in younger populations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the aetiology and risk factor profile of premature CAD and MI in patients younger than 50 years.
• To explore the impact of novel biomarkers and less traditional risk factors on early-onset CAD.
• To understand how these factors influence outcomes in young patients experiencing MI.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing evidence on premature CAD and MI.
• Analysis of traditional and emerging risk factors contributing to early-onset atherosclerotic CAD.
• Examination of the role of novel biomarkers and their association with CAD in younger demographics.

Main Results:

• Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are increasingly prevalent in younger populations, driving atherosclerotic CAD.
• Emerging factors such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, drug use, and psychosocial elements contribute to early CAD onset.
• Novel biomarkers show potential in identifying individuals at risk for premature CAD.

Conclusions:

• The rising incidence of premature CAD and MI in younger individuals is multifactorial, involving both traditional and novel risk factors.
• There is a critical need for enhanced prevention strategies and public health initiatives targeting younger populations.
• Further research into novel biomarkers and less traditional risk factors is essential for improving outcomes in young MI patients.