Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

529
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
529
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

7.0K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
7.0K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

531
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
531
What is Metabolism?00:52

What is Metabolism?

112.3K
Overview
112.3K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

11.7K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
11.7K
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

11.9K
Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA...
11.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CD8 T lymphocytes deploy embryonic cell cycle control mechanisms for rapid cell proliferation.

EMBO reports·2026
Same author

Environmental regulation of mucosal-associated invariant T cells: Adding food for thought.

Science signaling·2026
Same author

Lipopolysaccharide stimulates dynamic changes in B cell metabolism to promote proliferation.

eLife·2026
Same author

Large neutral amino acid uptake and mTOR activation within CD4 T cells coordinate type 2 immunity and host resistance to <i>Trichuris muris</i>.

Discovery immunology·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Autophagy repression by antigen and cytokines shapes mitochondrial, migration and effector machinery in CD8 T cells.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Autophagy-regulated mitochondrial inheritance controls early CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell fate commitment.

Nature cell biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method
08:04

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method

Published on: October 23, 2018

18.7K

Protein Synthesis and Metabolism in T Cells.

Linda V Sinclair1, Doreen A Cantrell1

  • 1Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Immunology
|April 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

T cells dynamically control protein synthesis to manage immune responses. This protein remodeling is key for fighting pathogens and preventing autoimmunity, ensuring immune homeostasis.

Keywords:
MycT cellsamino acid transportersmammalian target of rapamycin complex 1protein synthesistranslation

More Related Videos

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
06:16

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

12.5K
Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2025

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method
08:04

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method

Published on: October 23, 2018

18.7K
Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
06:16

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

12.5K
Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T lymphocytes are crucial for adaptive immunity against pathogens and tumors.
  • Their function relies on rapid expansion, differentiation into effector cells, and subsequent curbing of activity.
  • Proteome remodeling, driven by protein synthesis, enables T cell reprogramming for effector functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of T cell proteomes.
  • To discuss regulatory mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in T cells.
  • To highlight the dynamic control of protein synthesis for immune homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of T cell proteome and protein synthesis regulation.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways (antigen receptor, cytokine) in T cell activation.
  • Discussion of mechanisms for protein synthesis repression in T cell quiescence.

Main Results:

  • T cell activation involves massive protein synthesis for effector function acquisition.
  • Protein synthesis repression is vital for returning T cells to quiescence and preventing autoimmunity.
  • Dynamic control of protein synthesis is fundamental for generating memory T cells.

Conclusions:

  • The dynamic regulation of protein synthesis is a fundamental mechanism in T cell biology.
  • This regulation is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding T cell proteomes and protein synthesis control is key to immune health.