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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Updated: May 10, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Nanosecond structural evolution in shocked coesite.

Xiaokang Feng1,2, Shuning Pan3, Kento Katagiri4,5

  • 1Center for High-Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China.

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|April 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shocked coesite transforms into novel high-pressure silica phases and back again. These complex phase transitions offer new insights into mineral behavior during meteorite impacts on early Earth, Moon, and Mars.

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Area of Science:

  • Mineral physics
  • Geochemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Shock-induced phase transitions in minerals are key to understanding impact events.
  • Previous studies on shocked silica at 65 GPa suggested complex high-pressure phases.
  • Silica's behavior under extreme pressure, especially during superheating before melting, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time-dependent response of coesite under laser-driven shock.
  • To explore the complex phase evolution pathways of silica under high pressure.
  • To provide insights into silica phases found in extraterrestrial impact events.

Main Methods:

  • Laser-driven shock experiments.
  • Time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) for in-situ analysis.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations utilizing a novel machine learning interatomic potential.

Main Results:

  • Observed a transient dense supercooled liquid silica.
  • Identified crystallization into a semi-disordered d-NiAs-type silica.
  • Documented transformations to seifertite or stishovite, pressure-dependent.
  • Revealed a back-transformation to coesite upon pressure release, not quartz.

Conclusions:

  • Shocked coesite exhibits intricate phase evolution pathways.
  • The observed phases and transformations enhance understanding of silica behavior under extreme shock conditions.
  • Findings contribute to interpreting high-pressure silica phases in meteorite impact records on terrestrial planets.