On the neural substrates of mind wandering and dynamic thought: A drug and brain stimulation study

The impact of mind wandering on our daily lives ranges from diminishing productivity, to facilitating creativity and problem solving. There is evidence that distinct internal thought types can be modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), although little is known about optimal stimulation parameters or the mechanisms behind such effects. In addition, recent findings suggest changes in dopamine availability may alter the effect tDCS has on neural and behavioural outcomes. Dopaminergic functioning has also been implicated in executive processes anticorrelated with mind wandering such as attention and working memory, however the neurochemical mechanisms involved in internal thoughts are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of dopamine, and tDCS, on internal thought processes. Specifically, using an attentional control task, we tested whether dopamine availability (levodopa or placebo) mediated the effects of online high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS; 2 mA, or sham). There was no evidence for our hypothesised effect of left prefrontal cortex HD-tDCS reducing task unrelated thought, nor freely moving thought. This failure to replicate previous HD-tDCS findings emphasises the importance of employing robust methodological practices within this field to improve confidence in the findings. However, we did find that levodopa reduced freely moving thought, relative to placebo. We also found preliminary evidence that dopamine availability may moderate the relationship between stimulation and behavioural variability performance during periods of task unrelated thought. Overall, these findings suggest that stimulation does not affect dynamic internal thought, however there is initial evidence for the potential effectiveness of targeting the dopaminergic system to reduce spontaneous internal thoughts and improve behavioural performance.