Nano-chameleons: A review on cluster of differentiation-driven immune cell-engineered nanoarchitectonics for...

Cancer, being one of the most outrageous diseases, contributed to 48 % of the mortality in 2022, with lung cancer leading the race with a 12.4 % incidence rate. Conventional treatment modalities like radio-, chemo-, photo-, and immunotherapy employing nanocarriers often face several setbacks, such as non-specific delivery, off-site toxicity, rapid opsonization via the host immune system, and greater tumor recurrence rates. Moreover, the heterogeneous variability in the tumor microenvironment is responsible for existing therapy failure. With the advent of biomimetic nanoparticles as a novel and intriguing platform, researchers have exploited the inherent functionalities of the Cluster of Differentiation proteins (CD) as cell surface biomarkers and imparted the nanocarriers with enhanced homologous tumor targetability, immune evasion capability, and stealth properties, paving the way for improved therapy and diagnosis. This article explores pathogenesis and the multifaceted role of immune cells in non-small cell lung cancer. Moreover, the agenda of this article is to shed light on biomimetic nanoarchitectonics with respect to their fabrication, evaluation, and applications unraveling their synergistic effect with conventional therapies. Further discussion mentions the hurdles in clinical translation with viable solutions. The regulatory bottlenecks underscore the need for a regulatory roadmap with respect to commercialization. We believe that biomimetic nanoarchitectonics will be a beacon of hope in warfare against lung cancer.