A suppression-modification gene drive for malaria control targeting the ultra-conserved RNA gene mir-184

Gene drive technology presents a promising approach to controlling malaria vector populations. Suppression drives are intended to disrupt essential mosquito genes whereas modification drives aim to reduce the individual vectorial capacity of mosquitoes. Here we present a highly efficient homing gene drive in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that targets the microRNA gene mir-184 and combines suppression with modification. Homozygous gene drive (miR-184^D) individuals incur significant fitness costs, including high mortality following a blood meal, that curtail their propensity for malaria transmission. We attribute this to a role of miR-184 in regulating solute transport in the mosquito gut. However, females remain fully fertile, and pure-breeding miR-184^D populations suitable for large-scale releases can be reared under laboratory conditions. Cage invasion experiments show that miR-184^D can spread to fixation thereby reducing population fitness, while being able to propagate a separate antimalarial effector gene at the same time. Modelling indicates that the miR-184^D drive integrates aspects of population suppression and population replacement strategies into a candidate strain that should be evaluated further as a tool for malaria eradication.