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Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

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Transcriptomic sex differences in early human fetal brain development.

Federica Buonocore1, Jenifer P Suntharalingham2, Olumide K Ogunbiyi3,4

  • 1Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. f.buonocore@ucl.ac.uk.

Communications Biology
|April 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early human brain development shows subtle sex differences, primarily driven by sex chromosomes like PCDH11Y, rather than sex hormones. These findings offer insights into neurodevelopmental sex disparities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The roles of sex chromosomes and hormones in early human brain development are not well understood.
  • Key developmental periods, including fetal testosterone secretion, are critical for establishing sex-specific brain characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-based differences in gene expression in the developing human brain.
  • To analyze transcriptomic data from fetal brain cortex samples at different developmental stages.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptomic analysis of 64 human fetal brain cortex samples (46,XY and 46,XX) between 7.5 and 17 weeks post conception.
  • Examination of sex chromosome gene expression, including X-inactivation and Y-chromosome genes.
  • Analysis of sex hormone pathway-related genes, including the androgen receptor.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences observed in sex chromosome gene expression, including XIST and TSIX in female (46,XX) samples and core Y chromosome genes in male (46,XY) samples.
  • Identification of two Y-chromosome-specific genes, PCDH11Y and RP11-424G14.1, in male brains.
  • Limited differences in sex hormone pathway genes; androgen receptor expression decreased with age in both sexes, with localized effects suggested.

Conclusions:

  • Early human brain development exhibits distinct sex differences, largely influenced by sex chromosome gene expression.
  • While global sex hormone effects appear minimal in the cortex, specific genes like PCDH11Y may play crucial roles in neurodevelopment and potentially language.
  • Further research into localized hormonal mechanisms and specific gene functions is warranted.