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Androecium homologies in eight-staminate maples: a developmental study.

Alexander E Zavialov¹, Margarita V Remizowa²

¹M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. alexzavyalov0@gmail.com.

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|April 25, 2025

Summary

Maple flower development reveals evolutionary loss of stamens. Studies show common petal-stamen origins in eight-staminate Acer species, clarifying androecium reduction pathways.

Keywords:

Acer Common petal-stamen primordium Dynamic morphology Sapindaceae Sapindales Stamen loss

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Area of Science:

Developmental Botany
Evolutionary Biology
Plant Morphology

Background:

The genus Acer (maple) in the Sapindaceae family typically has eight stamens, believed to result from the loss of two.
The precise origin and reduction pathway of the eight-staminate androecium within Acer and its relation to other Sapindaceae remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate early flower development in five maple species (four 8-staminate, one 10-staminate) to understand androecium evolution.
To analyze stamen primordia initiation, positions, sizes, and floral meristem characteristics.

Main Methods:

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine floral development stages.
Quantitative measurements of stamen primordia, floral meristem area, and petal-stamen complexes were performed.
Analysis of perianth and androecium vasculature to identify petal-stamen connections.

Main Results:

In most 8-staminate maples, stamens initiate from common petal-stamen primordia or single primordia, with variations in the number originating from common primordia.
Despite developmental variations, stamen arrangement suggests a conserved androecium structure across studied Acer species.
The 10-staminate species (A. nikoense) exhibits two distinct stamen whorls, with antepetalous stamens arising from common primordia.

Conclusions:

The study confirms the loss of the same two stamens in 8-staminate Acer species as observed in other Sapindaceae.
Evolutionary trends in Acer include reduced floral meristem size, increased common petal-stamen primordia, and greater androecium heterogeneity or organ reduction.