Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 10, 2025

Quantitative Autonomic Testing
Published on: July 19, 2011
Prediction of cardiac autonomic dysfunction using heart rate response to deep breathing test among type 2 diabetes
Sohini Raje1, G Arun Maiya2, Padmakumar R3
1Centre for Podiatry and Diabetic Foot Care and Research, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
Background:
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is an underdiagnosed complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a predictor of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Hence, CAN screening is essential. The objective of the study was to examine whether cardiac autonomic dysfunction can be predicted using the heart rate response to deep breathing test of cardiac autonomic reflex tests (CARTs) among type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods:
The study was a cross-sectional study of T2DM individuals between 40 and 65 years. Each participant underwent a heart rate (HR) response to deep breathing test (CARTs) as per standard guidelines. ANOVA F-test was used to check the difference between the CAN severity and the heart rate response to deep breathing parameters. A post-hoc (Tukey's) test was used to check which groups showed the difference.
Results:
Eighty-four participants were screened, of which forty-one were included in the present study. The mean age of the participants was 58.8 ± 4.0 years. The Fisher's test showed a statistically significant difference between groups for the average deep breathing difference (F(3,27) = 16.09, p < 0.001) and the respiratory sinus arrhythmia index (F(3,27) = 7.35, p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
HR response to deep breathing can be used as a preliminary tool to screen CAN in T2DM to differentiate between normal and the other stages of CAN, which can then be followed by the gold standard tests. Further studies are required to establish HR response to deep breathing as a singular tool using regression analysis.
Clinical Trials Registration:
The study was registered prospectively in the Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI/2023/11/060077) on 21st November 2023.
More Related Videos
08:34Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
Published on: September 16, 2019
07:49Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
Published on: July 21, 2023
Related Concept Videos
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
Alterations in Respiration II
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...