Augmented Reality in Scoliosis Correction Surgery: Efficiency and Accuracy in Pedicle Screw Instrumentation

Background and Objectives: Recent advancements in spinal navigation methodologies, particularly augmented reality (AR) techniques, have significantly enhanced the precision of spinal instrumentation procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of AR-assisted navigation in spinal instrumentation surgery for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 10 patients with thoracolumbar scoliosis who met specific inclusion criteria and were recruited at a single medical center. Two neurosurgeons and one neuroradiologist used the Gertzbein-Robbins scale (GRS) for radiological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles were measured to assess the correction of scoliosis. Overall, 257 screws were placed using the AR-assisted navigation system during thoracic and lumbar spinal deformity surgeries. Results: Among the 257 screws, 197 were placed in the thoracic spine and 60 in the lumbar spine, achieving an overall instrumentation accuracy of 98%. The preoperative Cobb angle of 69.5 ± 22.2° significantly improved to 10.1 ± 4.1° postoperatively. Regarding first-attempt screw placement accuracy, 97.4% of the screws in the thoracic spine (graded as GRS A or B) and 100% in the lumbar spine were placed with precision. Five grade C thoracic screws were identified, one of which required re-instrumentation. Conclusions: The AR navigation technique substantially improved the precision of spinal deformity surgery, with a high screw placement accuracy rate and significant scoliosis correction. The benefits of reduced attention diversion and an intuitive surgical experience suggest that AR technology could significantly improve spinal surgery practices and training programs, indicating potential for broader applicability in the future.