Chitosan-TPP Nanogels for Ocular Delivery of Folic Acid: Release Profile, Corneal Permeation, and Mucoadhesion...

Background: Folic acid (FA) is essential for cellular functions but has limited ocular bioavailability, restricting its therapeutic effectiveness. Objective: To develop chitosan (CS)-based nanogels (NGs) for FA transport and release, with corneal permeation evaluation. Methods: NGs' hydrodynamic diameter (Ho) and polydispersity index (PdI) were determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS). CS-FA interaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied for the dehydrated material characterization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the NGs ultraestructure. In vitro drug release studies were performed using a modified Franz diffusion cell, and the release profile was fitted to obtain kinetics parameters. Mucoadhesion properties were evaluated through ζ-potential measurements. Ex vivo corneal permeation studies were conducted in rabbit corneas to compare the permeability of FA contained in NGs. Results: NGs presented a Ho of 312.4 ± 8.2 nm and a PdI of 0.28 ± 0.04. SEM imaging revealed spherical morphologies with minor variations in size and shape induced by FA. Lyophilized and resuspended NGs exhibited a 6.8% increase in Ho and a PdI rise to 0.42, indicating slight aggregation. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated sustained FA release, as determined by the Higuchi model. Mucoadhesion studies showed a decrease in ζ-potential from +36.9 to +18.1 mV, confirming electrostatic interactions with mucin. Ex vivo corneal permeation studies indicated that encapsulated FA permeated 2.6 times slower than free FA, suggesting sustained release. Conclusions: our findings demonstrate the potential of nanostructures in the form of NGs to enhance FA-loaded ocular delivery and bioavailability.