Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.0K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.0K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.2K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
6.2K
Translation01:31

Translation

14.1K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
14.1K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

29.8K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
29.8K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

10.3K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
10.3K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

21.9K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
21.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mutation-dependent responses to sleep and exercise in clonal haematopoiesis.

Nature·2026
Same author

Reprogramming the diseased liver: antioxidant-engineered mRNA nanoparticles as microenvironment modulators in MAFLD.

Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey)·2026
Same author

Transcription and cohesin direct domain boundary spatial positioning and are linked to Friedreich's ataxia.

Molecular cell·2026
Same author

Influenza hijacks myeloid cells to inflict type-I interferon-fueled damage in the heart.

Immunity·2026
Same author

A Systemic Selective Modified mRNA Delivery Platform for Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Diurnally-Regulated Corticosterone and Melatonin Inversely Control Endotoxin-Induced Acute Immune Responses.

European journal of immunology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model
06:03

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model

Published on: June 11, 2020

8.9K

Novel Artificial 5'UTR Increase Modified mRNA Translation When Injected into Mouse Heart.

Ann Anu Kurian1,2,3, Matteo Ghiringhelli1,2,3, Eyal Shalom1,2,3

  • 1Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Pharmaceutics
|April 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel artificial 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) called "Top Heart 5'UTR" to boost modified messenger RNA (modRNA) translation in heart cells. This innovation enhances gene delivery for potential cardiac therapies.

Keywords:
5′ untranslated regioncardiac gene therapymodified RNA (modRNA)synthetic RNA motiftranslation efficiency

More Related Videos

Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts
11:11

Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts

Published on: December 17, 2016

12.7K
Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization
08:22

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

Published on: September 15, 2018

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2025

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model
06:03

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model

Published on: June 11, 2020

8.9K
Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts
11:11

Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts

Published on: December 17, 2016

12.7K
Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization
08:22

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

Published on: September 15, 2018

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Therapy
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a key technology for gene delivery in cardiac tissue, aiming to prevent adverse remodeling post-ischemic injury.
  • The 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) critically influences mRNA translation efficiency, impacting therapeutic outcomes.
  • High production costs and short half-life of modRNA necessitate optimized 5'UTR designs for enhanced cardiac translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a novel artificial 5'UTR, termed 'Top Heart 5'UTR', for enhanced modRNA translation in cardiac cells.
  • To improve the efficiency of modRNA-based gene delivery for potential therapeutic applications in the heart.

Main Methods:

  • An artificial 5'UTR ('Top Heart 5'UTR') was designed using ribonucleotide frequency analysis of 1000 highly expressed cardiac genes.
  • The novel 5'UTR incorporates a unique 20-nucleotide sequence, including 11 novel nucleotides and 9 Kozak sequence nucleotides.
  • Translation efficiency was assessed in vitro (mouse and human cardiomyocytes) and in vivo (mouse heart) post-modRNA delivery.

Main Results:

  • The 'Top Heart 5'UTR' significantly enhanced modRNA translation efficiency in cardiomyocytes by 30-60% compared to a standard control.
  • In vivo studies demonstrated a 2-2.5 fold increase in modRNA translation in the mouse heart at 24 and 48 hours post-delivery.
  • The artificial 5'UTR proved effective in both in vitro and in vivo cardiac models.

Conclusions:

  • The 'Top Heart 5'UTR' represents a superior platform for modRNA-based gene expression in cardiac applications.
  • This optimized 5'UTR may enable reduced dosages or increased therapeutic efficacy in preclinical and clinical settings.
  • The design strategy can be adapted for optimizing 5'UTRs in other cell types and organs for diverse therapeutic applications.