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Updated: May 10, 2025

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Innate Immune Sensing of Parapoxvirus Orf Virus and Viral Immune Evasion

Basheer A AlDaif1, Stephen B Fleming1

  • 1Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.

Viruses
|April 26, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Orf virus (ORFV) manipulates the host

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Orf virus (ORFV), a Poxviridae family member, causes skin lesions in livestock and zoonotic infections in humans.
  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate innate immunity by sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), primarily viral nucleic acids.
  • Type I interferons (IFNs) activate the JAK-STAT pathway, inducing antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Orf virus's strategies for evading innate immune detection.
  • To understand how ORFV manipulates host antiviral responses.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic and functional analyses of ORFV immunomodulatory genes.
  • Investigating ORFV interactions with host pattern recognition receptor pathways.

Main Results:

  • ORFV, like other poxviruses, possesses multiple genes that modulate the host immune response.
  • These viral genes are crucial for ORFV's ability to interfere with innate immune sensing mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • ORFV actively counteracts host innate immunity through evolved immunomodulatory strategies.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing antiviral therapies against ORFV infections.
Keywords:
Poxvirusimmune evasioninnate immunityinnate sensinginterferonorf virusparapoxvirus

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