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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
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On the Optimization of Carob Seed Peel Extraction Using Aqueous-Based Acidic Systems.

Bruno Medronho1,2, Oumaima Boutoub1, Hugo Duarte1,3

  • 1MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.

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|April 26, 2025
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Summary

A new, milder carob seed dehusking method using metanesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid was developed. This sustainable process preserves seed quality and offers a viable alternative to harsh traditional methods.

Keywords:
carob seedsdesign of experimentsdiffusive reflectance spectroscopyhusk extractionmethanesulfonic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Food Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Carob fruit's commercial value is primarily from locust bean gum, extracted from seeds.
  • Traditional dehusking methods are harsh and can compromise seed quality.
  • There is a need for sustainable and efficient dehusking techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a milder, more sustainable carob seed dehusking method.
  • To preserve seed quality for industrial applications.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of metanesulfonic acid in the dehusking process.

Main Methods:

  • Aqueous-based solvents were screened, with metanesulfonic acid selected.
  • Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were used for optimization.
  • Optimized conditions: 24.5 g seeds, 50 mL solvent (41% CH4O3S, 59% H2SO4), 90°C, 10 min, followed by 5 min water wash.

Main Results:

  • Optimized conditions achieved efficient husk removal while maintaining seed integrity.
  • Treated seeds showed intact morphology and appealing color characteristics.
  • Diffusive reflectance spectroscopy proved effective for rapid dehusking assessment.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers a sustainable alternative to conventional sulfuric acid dehusking.
  • The process preserves carob seed morphology and color.
  • Diffusive reflectance spectroscopy is a novel, rapid tool for evaluating carob seed dehusking.