Advances in Antimicrobial Peptides: Mechanisms, Design Innovations, and Biomedical Potential

This comprehensive review explores the advancements in the study of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), highlighting their potential as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics in the context of growing antibiotic resistance. AMPs are small molecular proteins found ubiquitously in nature, exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal effects, and are vital components of the innate immune system. Due to their non-specific membrane-disrupting mechanism, AMPs are emerging as effective candidates for novel anti-infective agents. The integration of AMPs with biomaterials, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, and hydrogels, enhances their stability and efficacy while offering multifunctional therapeutic benefits. These combinations promote diverse antibacterial mechanisms, including membrane disruption, intracellular metabolic interference, cell wall modulation, and immune system activation. Despite challenges, such as toxicity, stability, and resistance, innovative strategies including computer-aided design and structural modification show promise in optimizing AMPs' activity, targeting precision, and biocompatibility. The potential for AMPs in clinical applications remains highly promising, with significant opportunities for overcoming antimicrobial resistance through novel AMP-based therapeutic strategies.