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Phytochromes (phyA) and (phyB) interact with PIFs through conserved phytochrome C-terminal output module (phyOPM)-APA interactions. This ancient interaction, independent of light, regulates PIF3 degradation.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Photoreceptor Signaling
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • Phytochromes (phyA, phyB) are key red/far-red light photoreceptors regulating plant development.
  • Phytochromes interact with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) via specific binding motifs.
  • The interaction of phyB's N-terminal photosensory module (phyBPSM) with APB is known, but APA's interaction with phyAPSM is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the interaction mechanisms between phytochromes (phyA, phyB) and PIFs.
  • To investigate the role of APA and APB motifs in phytochrome-PIF interactions.
  • To determine the evolutionary conservation of these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated phytochrome-PIF interactions using biochemical assays.
  • Characterized binding interfaces involving photosensory module (PSM) and output module (OPM).
  • Compared interactions across different plant species, including Arabidopsis and Marchantia.

Main Results:

  • Both phyA and phyB interact with APA via the phytochrome output module (phyOPM).
  • phyB also interacts with APB through its photosensory module (phyBPSM).
  • The phyOPM-APA interaction is ancient, conserved in Arabidopsis and Marchantia, and promotes PIF3 degradation independently of light.

Conclusions:

  • The phyOPM-APA interaction is a conserved, ancient mechanism for phytochrome-PIF signaling.
  • Light-dependent phy-APA interaction arises from competition between Pr-phyPSM and APA for phyOPM.
  • This study reveals novel insights into the molecular basis and evolution of phytochrome signaling pathways.