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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR
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Profiling the cell-specific small non-coding RNA transcriptome of the human placenta.

Nikita Telkar1,2,3, Desmond Hui1, Maria S Peñaherrera1,2

  • 1British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.

Scientific Reports
|April 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals distinct small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) expression patterns across human placental cell types. These findings provide crucial insights into placental development and gene regulation.

Keywords:
Chorionic villiMiRNAPlacentaSmall non-coding RNATrophoblast

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The human placenta comprises diverse cell types crucial for its function.
  • Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) regulate gene expression and can be cell-specific.
  • Investigating the sncRNA transcriptome of individual placental cells is challenging due to isolation difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the sncRNA transcriptome of bulk placental villi and isolated placental cell types.
  • To characterize sncRNA expression patterns across different placental cell lineages and gestational ages.
  • To investigate correlations between sncRNA expression and DNA methylation in the placenta.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a custom sequencing method to analyze seven sncRNA species.
  • Utilized samples from 9 first-trimester and 17 term placentas.
  • Applied Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) for isolating major placental cell types (cytotrophoblast, stromal, endothelial, Hofbauer).

Main Results:

  • Placental samples clustered by cell type lineage after normalization.
  • 115 sncRNAs exhibited differential mean expression across cell types, though none were uniquely expressed.
  • Known placentally-expressed sncRNAs showed varying expression by cell type and trimester; few varied by sex.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first comprehensive exploration of the sncRNA transcriptome in bulk human placenta and isolated cell types.
  • Findings reveal cell-type-specific expression patterns of sncRNAs in the placenta.
  • The study informs about the regulatory roles of sncRNAs in human placental development and function.