Defect-Rich MoO_3-X@CuO₂ Nanosheets Mediated Ultrasound-Enhanced Cuproptosis Antibacterial Activity and M2 Macrophage...

Diabetic wounds are often plagued by persistent bacterial infections, which exacerbate inflammation and impair healing processes such as collagen deposition and fibroblast migration. Conventional antibiotic therapies frequently prove ineffective and can even hinder wound repair. To address these challenges, biodegradable MoO_3-x@CuO₂ ion disruptors (MCO IDs) that for comprehensive diabetic wound treatment is developed. The MCO IDs generate a burst of multimodal reactive oxygen species (ROS) that effectively penetrate bacterial defenses and disrupt redox homeostasis. Released copper ions induce proteotoxic stress-like bacterial death by targeting lipoylated and iron-sulfur cluster proteins. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that this mechanism systematically inhibits bacterial energy metabolism and gene expression, effectively suppressing proliferation. Following bacterial eradication, the released copper ions promote macrophage repolarization to the M2 phenotype, mitigating chronic inflammation and stimulating wound healing. Furthermore, to enhance wound management, a portable wound dressing (PVA-MCO) is fabricated by electrospinning polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporating the MCO IDs. In vivo studies demonstrate that the PVA-MCO dressing effectively eliminates pathogenic bacteria and promotes collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and epithelialization, thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing. This multifaceted therapeutic strategy offers a promising solution for managing persistent infections and promoting diabetic wound repair.