Exploring the Causes of Intervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosus Impairment

The annulus fibrosus (AF), as an important component of the intervertebral disc (IVD), contributes to the structural integrity and functional normality of IVD. Degenerative disc diseases (DDD), due to AF impairment, are common problems that could lead to low back pain or neck pain, resulting in considerable disability and financial costs globally. The exact causes and underlying mechanisms of AF impairment, however, remain complex and unclear.

A literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles published between 1952 and 2024. We summarize the current literature on the potential etiologies of AF damage, while also providing a brief overview of the basic characteristics of the AF and current therapeutic strategies for AF impairment.

The findings suggest that several factors could induce or exacerbate AF impairment. We categorize them into distinct groups as physical and chemical stimuli, nutritional or metabolic disorders, immune and inflammatory responses, and genetic abnormalities.

Various factors could lead to AF impairment, such as particular physical and chemical stimuli, nutritional or metabolic disorders, immune and inflammatory responses, and genetic abnormalities. Meanwhile, enhancing our understanding and management of AF impairment could help discover potential preventive or therapeutic interventions for DDD.