Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Mortar Properties

Mortar Properties

Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to the...

Fineness of Cement

Fineness of Cement

The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in ASTM C...

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the aggregate...

Porosity in Cement Paste

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...

Aggregate Cement Ratio

Aggregate Cement Ratio

The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Electrodewetting of Surfactant-Laden Drops on Silicon Oxide: Molecular Insights from Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026

Same author

Accelerated Dissolution of Olivine Pebbles by Oxalic Acid at Low pH.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026

Same author

Droplet Actuation on Gradient Electrowetting Surface.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same author

CO<sub>2</sub> Adsorption on Variably Hydrated Cation-Exchanged Montmorillonite-Rich Clays.

The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces·2025

Same author

Thermally Activated Swelling and Wetting Transition of Frozen Polymer Brushes:a New Concept for Surface Functionalization.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2025

Same author

Compression of a Stearic Acid Surfactant Layer on Water Investigated by Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Published on: June 15, 2014

Cs-Bentonite Clay for Biogas Upgrading: A Numerical Assessment.

Niels Mendel¹, Jordanus J P Jordi Boon², Igor Sîreţanu¹

¹Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

|April 28, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study numerically evaluates Cs-exchanged bentonite clay for biogas upgrading via vacuum-pressure swing adsorption. Cs-bentonite offers high methane recovery and purity at low energy consumption, making it a cost-effective alternative for biogas purification.

More Related Videos

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Published on: November 28, 2014

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Published on: February 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Published on: June 15, 2014

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Published on: November 28, 2014

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Published on: February 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Chemical Engineering
Materials Science
Environmental Science

Background:

Biogas upgrading is crucial for producing biomethane, with vacuum-pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) being a key separation technology.
Selective CO2 adsorption over CH4 on sorbent materials is the core principle of VPSA for biogas purification.
Cs-exchanged bentonite clay has been previously characterized as a potential sorbent for CO2/CH4 separation.

Purpose of the Study:

To numerically assess the performance of Cs-exchanged bentonite clay for biogas upgrading using VPSA.
To benchmark the effects of process configurations, ambient temperature, and feed biogas composition on separation efficiency.
To determine optimal operating parameters for maximizing productivity and minimizing energy consumption while meeting purity and recovery targets.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulation of a VPSA process using Cs-exchanged bentonite clay as the sorbent.
Evaluation of seven different process cycle configurations, ranging from single-stage to three-column systems.
Analysis of the impact of ambient temperature (15-25 °C) and feed biogas composition (35-45% CO2) on performance metrics.

Main Results:

A two-column VPSA unit achieved a methane (CH4) purity of 0.906 and a recovery of 0.967 with a specific energy consumption of 0.072 kWh/Nm3 CH4.
Optimal performance was demonstrated for upgrading biogas with 45% CO2 at ambient feed pressure.
Increased column numbers and pressure equalization steps further improved CH4 recovery, while favorable CO2 adsorption isotherms contributed to low energy use.

Conclusions:

Cs-exchanged bentonite clay is a highly effective and cost-efficient sorbent for biogas upgrading via VPSA.
Its high CO2/CH4 selectivity and favorable adsorption characteristics result in high methane recovery and low specific energy consumption.
Cs-bentonite presents a compelling alternative to conventional sorbent materials for industrial biogas purification applications.