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Protein diffusion controls how single cells respond to electric fields.

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    Cells use electric fields for guidance, but their response speed is limited by sensor rearrangement and orientation dynamics. This study shows HL-60 cells are not limited by molecular noise, informing cell guidance with electric fields.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell biology
    • Biophysics
    • Electrophysiology

    Background:

    • Cells utilize electric fields for crucial processes like wound healing and development.
    • Cellular response to electric fields involves charged membrane protein redistribution via electrophoresis and electroosmotic flow.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To model the response dynamics of galvanotaxing cells to electric fields.
    • To investigate the factors limiting cellular response speed and the role of molecular stochasticity.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a mathematical model for galvanotaxing cell response dynamics.
    • Fitting the model to experimental data of galvanin (TMEM154) in HL-60 cells.
    • Analysis of sensor rearrangement, cell orientation, and molecular noise.

    Main Results:

    • Two key timescales govern cell response: sensor rearrangement and orientation.
    • The model accurately predicts cell dynamics post-field removal, constraining noise in galvanotaxis.
    • HL-60 cells are not limited by finite sensor number stochasticity.
    • Media viscosity and pulsed DC fields effects on cell dynamics were explained and predicted.

    Conclusions:

    • Cellular response to electric fields is governed by distinct timescales, not solely molecular noise.
    • The findings provide insights into the limitations and possibilities of guiding cells using electric fields, including pulsed fields.