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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Presystemic Elimination01:24

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The pharmacokinetic journey of oral drugs begins with a crucial first pass through the hepatic portal system, called the first-pass effect. This first pass significantly impacts bioavailability — the proportion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. The primary route sees the drug absorbed by intestinal membranes and then shunted to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Here, pre-systemic elimination occurs as drugs face metabolism or biliary...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
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Redesigning Ibuprofen for Improved Oral Delivery and Reduced Side Effects.

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Ibuprofen (IBP), a common pain reliever, can cause toxicity. Researchers are developing new IBP conjugates to reduce side effects while maintaining pain relief efficacy.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Ibuprofen (IBP) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) effective for pain and fever.
  • IBP inhibits cyclooxygenases, reducing prostaglandin synthesis involved in inflammation and pain.
  • Despite its benefits, IBP exhibits dose-dependent toxicity, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal system and causing cellular damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in Ibuprofen conjugation techniques.
  • To highlight novel IBP formulations designed for reduced toxicity.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety profile of these new IBP conjugates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on IBP conjugation.
  • Analysis of data on the efficacy and toxicity of novel IBP conjugates.
  • Comparison of the parent drug's profile with that of the conjugates.

Main Results:

  • Several conjugation strategies have yielded IBP formulations with improved safety profiles.
  • These novel conjugates demonstrate comparable or enhanced efficacy to conventional IBP.
  • Reduced gastrointestinal toxicity and cellular damage have been observed in conjugate studies.

Conclusions:

  • Ibuprofen conjugation represents a promising approach to mitigate NSAID-induced toxicity.
  • Novel IBP conjugates offer a potential for safer and equally effective pain and inflammation management.
  • Further research and clinical trials are warranted to fully establish the therapeutic potential of these advanced drug formulations.