TinyML-Based In-Pipe Feature Detection for Miniature Robots

Miniature robots in small-diameter pipelines require efficient and reliable environmental perception for autonomous navigation. In this paper, a tiny machine learning (TinyML)-based resource-efficient pipe feature recognition method is proposed for miniature robots to identify key pipeline features such as elbows, joints, and turns. The method leverages a custom five-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) optimized for deployment on a robot with limited computational and memory resources. Trained on a custom dataset of 4629 images collected under diverse conditions, the model achieved an accuracy of 97.1%. With a peak RAM usage of 195.1 kB, flash usage of 427.9 kB, and an inference time of 1693 ms, the method demonstrates high computational efficiency while ensuring stable performance under challenging conditions through a sliding window smoothing strategy. These results highlight the feasibility of deploying advanced machine learning models on resource-constrained devices, providing a cost-effective solution for autonomous in-pipe exploration and inspection.