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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

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The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules02:35

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

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Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
Four types of noncovalent interactions are hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to...
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Correlation between Hydrogen Bond Strength and Temperature: A Quantitative Single-Molecule Study over a Broad

Minghan Hu1, Jiulong Zhou2, Li Jiang3

  • 1School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|April 28, 2025
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This study quantifies how temperature affects hydrogen bond (H-bond) strength using variable-temperature single-molecule force spectroscopy. Results show H-bond strength decreases nonlinearly with increasing temperature, providing a predictive equation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) are crucial in chemistry and biology.
  • Temperature's qualitative effect on H-bond strength is known, but quantitative data is scarce.
  • Precise understanding of H-bond thermodynamics is vital for materials design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively determine the relationship between temperature and H-bond intrinsic strength.
  • To develop an empirical equation predicting H-bond strength as a function of temperature.
  • To advance the fundamental understanding of H-bond behavior under varying thermal conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized variable-temperature single-molecule force spectroscopy in vacuum (VT-Vac-SMFS).
  • Employed poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as a model polymer system.
  • Measured H-bond intrinsic strength across a temperature range of 261 K to 363 K.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a significant decrease in H-bond intrinsic strength with increasing temperature.
  • Established a novel nonlinear correlation between H-bond intrinsic strength (ΔG*) and temperature.
  • Proposed the empirical equation: ΔG* = 7.88 - 1.34ln(T - 251.64).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first quantitative model for temperature-dependent H-bond intrinsic strength.
  • The derived equation allows for prediction and potential precise control of H-bond strength via temperature.
  • This work transitions the understanding of H-bond temperature dependence from qualitative to quantitative.