Application of green waste polyphenols in natural antimicrobial materials for the environmental fields: A review

In recent years, green waste polyphenols (GWPs) have attracted global attention due to their abundant renewable resources and excellent antibacterial properties. We analyzed the research progress on the antimicrobial properties of natural polyphenol composites (including polyphenol-metal nanoparticles, polyphenol nanofiber membranes, polyphenol-polymer membranes, and polyphenol hydrogels) in environmental applications. The waste sources of polyphenols and the latest extraction technologies were systematically summarized, and a universal hydrodynamic cavitation-integrated membrane technology combined with polyphenol extraction and purification process was initially constructed. The inhibitory effects of GWPs on pathogenic bacteria and the antibacterial properties of polyphenol composites in the environmental field were systematically analyzed. These composites exhibited outstanding antimicrobial performance, effectively inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus by up to 100%, especially in water treatment and air filtration. In addition, the advantages, challenges, and prospects for the application of green waste polyphenol antibacterial materials (GWPAMs) in the environmental field are discussed. With high efficiency, low toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and sustainable antimicrobial properties, GWPs exhibit significant application potential in the "resource recycling-pollution control-ecological restoration" synergistic system within the environmental field. Future work should focus on the green synthesis of polyphenol composites, conducting systematic and thorough investigations on their antibacterial mechanisms, and enhancing their antibacterial properties in agriculture, waste treatment, and soil remediation, to improve their environmental adaptability and sustainable application value.