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Related Concept Videos

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2025

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Oryza genome evolution through a tetraploid lens.

Alice Fornasiero1, Tao Feng2, Noor Al-Bader3

  • 1Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. alice.fornasiero@kaust.edu.sa.

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Summary

The Oryza genus, crucial for crop improvement, shows a small, stable core genome and rapidly evolving, plastic regions. New genome assemblies reveal insights into genome diversification and subgenome equivalence in rice evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • The Oryza genus encompasses 27 species with significant genome size variation, representing a valuable resource for crop improvement and neodomestication.
  • Understanding genome evolution and diversification within Oryza is key to unlocking its potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present 11 new chromosome-level genome assemblies for the Oryza genus.
  • To analyze genome evolution, diversification, and subgenome dynamics across approximately 15 million years.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of 11 chromosome-level genome assemblies (nine tetraploid, two diploid).
  • Comparative genomics analysis of new assemblies with existing datasets.
  • Investigation of gene expression and subgenome equivalence in Oryza coarctata.

Main Results:

  • The core Oryza (sub)genome is approximately 200 Mb and largely syntenic.
  • Intermingled, plastic, and rapidly evolving nuclear fractions range from 80-600 Mb.
  • Oryza coarctata exhibits mosaic subgenome equivalence with higher expression in one subgenome for homoeologous genes.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive view of genome diversification across the Oryza genus.
  • Insights into the evolutionary plasticity and subgenome dynamics of rice species.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the genetic basis for crop improvement and neodomestication.