The effects of terpenes on metabolism: a comprehensive review on recent updates

There is a growing interest in plant-derived natural products as alternative means to manage chronic diseases. Terpenes represent a category of phytochemicals with several favourable effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this review is to explore the current understanding of how terpenes influence metabolism including glucose, lipid and amino acid and to discuss implications of these effects.

Although most of the scientific evidence is derived from in vitro and animal studies, the effects of terpenes on metabolism have been also evaluated in limited human studies. In regard to the effects of terpenes on glucose metabolism they seem to interact with insulin signalling pathways, increase glucose uptake, inhibit enzymes and regulate the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Similarly, terpenes may contribute to modulation of key enzymes and genes involved in lipid metabolism. Their effects on amino acids metabolism are not well understood but it seems that some terpenes can modulate amino acid levels in the plasma, potentially influencing metabolic pathways related to protein synthesis, gene expression, and intracellular protein turnover.

These effects can have significant implications for the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, as well as cancer, which is characterised by metabolic reprogramming. However, large-scale human studies are needed to conclude on terpenes effectiveness, safety and suitable dosage for favourable effects.