Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 9, 2025
The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis
Published on: August 11, 2008
Factors associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in comparison to pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with and
Andrea Vejarano-Pombo1, Sandra B Amado-Garzón2, Javier I Lasso-Apráez3
1Department of Internal Medicine at San Ignacio University Hospital, School of Medicine at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7 #40-62, Bogotá, Colombia.
Background:
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) poses a public health challenge, particularly among individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, many EPTB cases arise in those without HIV, leaving the underlying factors unclear.
Objectives:
This study aims to characterize patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and EPTB, exploring the differences in associated factors for each type in patients with and without HIV.
Design:
An analytical observational study was conducted on a cohort of tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2021 in a referral hospital in Bogotá, Colombia.
Methods:
Patients were categorized into PTB or EPTB based on the site of infection. Data on demographic and clinical variables were collected, comparing the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression model was created to identify factors associated with EPTB compared to PTB.
Results:
The study encompassed 533 patients: 310 with PTB and 223 with EPTB, of which only 65 (14.7%) were HIV positive. PTB patients exhibited higher rates of active smoking, smoking cessation, diabetes mellitus (DM), and other pulmonary diseases. The logistic regression identified HIV infection as the only factor associated with EPTB (OR 2.36 (1.54-3.61), p < 0.001). Conversely, quitting smoking (OR 0.58 (0.35-0.96) p = 0.038), DM (OR 0.41 (0.21-0.82) p = 0.011), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 0.18 (0.08-0.4) p < 0.001), other pulmonary diseases (OR 0.21 (0.61-0.77) p = 0.019), or those using immunosuppressants (OR 0.44 (0.20-0.96) p = 0.04) exhibited a negative association with EPTB compared to PTB. Specific models for pleural and lymph node TB revealed distinct associations, with HIV strongly linked to lymph node TB (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.57-7.26, p = 0.002).
Conclusion:
EPTB is primarily associated with HIV infection, while smoking, DM, COPD, other pulmonary diseases, and immunosuppressant use are associated with PTB. Variability in associated factors for specific EPTB forms underlines the need for tailored research into the predisposing factors for EPTB, particularly in HIV-negative patients.
More Related Videos
10:04Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
Published on: September 5, 2017
09:54Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoprobes for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Detection
Published on: February 16, 2020
Related Concept Videos
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
01:26Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
01:31Pulmonary Tuberculosis III
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
01:28Pulmonary Tuberculosis V
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
01:28Pulmonary Tuberculosis II
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
01:11Observational Studies
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...