Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 28, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
Published on: May 25, 2017
[Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies on cetraxate, an anti-ulcer agent]
Abstract:
Cetraxate hydrochloride was administered either orally or intravenously to rabbits, and its concentration in body fluids was determined by using the HPLC method. Cetraxate was easily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract and blood, and it was metabolized to p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (PHPA) and a new metabolite, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA). After oral administration of cetraxate hydrochloride, a large amount of unchanged drug was distributed to the gastric wall. PHPA was distributed in all the organs examined, excluding the brain. To determine whether or not the anti-ulcer action of cetraxate hydrochloride was due to the unchanged drug, PHPA, or tranexamic acid, studies with aspirin and water-immersion -induced gastric ulcers in rats were performed. As a result, it was found that tranexamic acid had an anti-ulcer action similar to that of cetraxate hydrochloride.
Related Concept Videos
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence
Pharmacodynamic Models: Overview

