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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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The Extracellular Matrix01:29

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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method
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Extracellular Matrix Microstructures Modulate Hepatic Methionine Cycle and Methylations.

John A Terrell1, Chengpeng Chen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) impacts cell metabolism, specifically the methionine cycle. Fibrotic ECM alters this cycle, but blocking integrin β1 can protect it, offering therapeutic insights.

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Area of Science:

  • Mechanobiology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Extracellular Matrix Biology

Background:

  • Limited research explores the extracellular matrix's (ECM) influence on cellular metabolism.
  • The methionine cycle is crucial for methylation, affecting gene expression and protein interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the ECM, particularly fibrotic ECM, modulates the methionine cycle.
  • To identify the role of integrin β1 in ECM-mediated methionine cycle alterations.
  • To explore potential therapeutic strategies for fibrotic diseases by targeting ECM-cell interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing cells on fibrous (healthy ECM mimic) and flat (fibrotic ECM mimic) substrates.
  • Analyzing methionine cycle enzyme expression.
  • Investigating the role of integrin β1 using the RGD peptide to inhibit integrin activation.

Main Results:

  • Cells on flat substrates showed increased methionine cycle enzyme expression compared to those on fibrous substrates.
  • The ECM modulates the methionine cycle via the transmembrane protein integrin β1.
  • Inhibiting integrin activation with RGD peptide protected the methionine cycle from ECM-induced alterations.

Conclusions:

  • The ECM significantly influences cellular metabolic pathways, including the methionine cycle.
  • Integrin β1 is a key mediator of ECM effects on the methionine cycle.
  • Targeting integrin activation presents a potential therapeutic avenue for managing fibrotic diseases.