Advances in Apolipoprotein-A4 Biosensing Assays for Depression Diagnosis

Apolipoprotein-A4 (Apo-A4) is a plasma protein that plays a role in various physiological and behavioral-emotional reactions when faced with stress. Studies have shown a close relationship between Apo-A4 and the onset of depression and its symptoms. However, there is currently no reliable laboratory approach to confirm the diagnosis of depression. Therefore, the development of a precise and effective technique to assess Apo-A4 might help in the early detection and screening of depression and other related psychiatric diseases, as well as in tracking and managing the course of treatment. As technology advances, biosensors have become quick, accurate, and sensitive tools for personal care and illness diagnosis. Biosensors for measuring and detecting Apo-A4 levels have recently been designed. These studies emphasized the development of accurate and sensitive diagnostic and measurement techniques. This review attempts to give a general overview of the role of Apo-A4 in depression and introduce established biosensors for its detection and measurement.