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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

2.8K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
2.8K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

12.7K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
12.7K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

23.0K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

2.1K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Glutathione and Glutaredoxin in Redox Regulation and Cell Signaling of the Lens.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
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Failure of Oxysterols Such as Lanosterol to Restore Lens Clarity from Cataracts.

Scientific reports·2019
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Does oxidative stress play any role in diabetic cataract formation? ----Re-evaluation using a thioltransferase gene knockout mouse model.

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Loss of thiol repair systems in human cataractous lenses.

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Expression and distribution of thiol-regulating enzyme glutaredoxin 2 (GRX2) in porcine ocular tissues.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage
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Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

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Oxidation-Induced Mixed Disulfide and Cataract Formation: A Review.

Marjorie F Lou1,2, Robert C Augusteyn3

  • 1School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oxidative stress causes cataracts by damaging eye lens proteins. The study suggests that disulfide cross-linking, not just aging, triggers this vision loss.

Keywords:
glutathionelens crystallin proteinslens transparencymechanism of cataract formationoxidationprotein aggregationprotein–thiol mixed disulfidesredox regulationsenile cataractthioltransferase

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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Characterization of Molecular Mechanisms of In vivo UVR Induced Cataract
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Characterization of Molecular Mechanisms of In vivo UVR Induced Cataract

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Last Updated: May 15, 2025

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage
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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Characterization of Molecular Mechanisms of In vivo UVR Induced Cataract
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Characterization of Molecular Mechanisms of In vivo UVR Induced Cataract

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Ophthalmology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The eye lens maintains transparency via crystallin proteins, protected by antioxidants like glutathione (GSH).
  • Aging and oxidative stress can impair these protective systems, leading to protein aggregation and cataracts.
  • Glutathione (GSH) and thioltransferase (TTase) are key in maintaining lens redox balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the accumulation of GS-protein mixed disulfide (PSSG) with age and cataracts.
  • To explore the role of oxidants like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cataract formation.
  • To discuss the hypothesis that PSSG formation initiates cataract development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on PSSG accumulation and its correlation with aging and cataractogenesis.
  • Analysis of the impact of oxidative stress and reduced thioltransferase (TTase) activity on lens transparency.
  • Examination of data from animal models with TTase gene deletion.

Main Results:

  • Cataractous lenses exhibit lower GSH levels and higher PSSG concentrations.
  • Oxidative stress contributes to SH/S-S imbalance and protein modification.
  • Reduced TTase activity correlates with accelerated cataract formation, especially in aging and TTase-deficient models.

Conclusions:

  • PSSG accumulation is linked to age-related cataracts.
  • PSSG formation may be a causative factor, not just a consequence, of cataract development.
  • Maintaining lens redox balance is crucial for preventing age-related vision impairment.