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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:17

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
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Heart Sounds01:15

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Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation01:29

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation

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In a cardiovascular examination, inspection and palpation are crucial for identifying abnormalities.
Abnormal findings observed during an inspection
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:23

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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How to Evaluate MADness Concerning the Valvular Apparatus?

Peter L M Kerkhof1, Elena-Laura Antohi2, Serban Mihaileanu3

  • 1Dept. Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study explores factors influencing mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) progression. Research should focus on clinical outcomes rather than the subtle progression of MAD itself.

Keywords:
cardiac magnetic resonanceechocardiographymitral annular disjunctionmitral valve prolapsemultimodality imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Mechanics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is a complex cardiac condition.
  • Understanding the factors and metrics driving MAD progression is crucial for patient management.
  • Interactions between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) play a significant role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey the factors and metrics associated with the progression of mitral annulus disjunction (MAD).
  • To investigate the mechanical, hemodynamic, and electrical interactions between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) in the context of MAD.
  • To guide future research directions for MAD.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on mitral annulus disjunction (MAD).
  • Analysis of mechanical and hemodynamic data related to LA-LV interaction.
  • Examination of electrical signal transmission properties between cardiac chambers.

Main Results:

  • Identified key factors and metrics implicated in MAD progression.
  • Demonstrated significant interaction between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) at mechanical/hemodynamic and electrical levels.
  • Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is a noted metric.

Conclusions:

  • Future research should prioritize the clinical consequences of MAD over tracking its subtle progression.
  • Focusing on observable clinical outcomes will yield more impactful findings in MAD research.