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New Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications and Clinical Utility-A Narrative Review.

Anna Pamies1, Joan-Carles Vallvé2,3,4, Silvia Paredes2,3,5

  • 1Secció de Reumatologia, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, 43500 Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain.

Biomedicines
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatoid arthritis patients have higher cardiovascular disease risk due to inflammation. Emerging biomarkers like IL-32 and DKK-1 show promise for early detection and better management of cardiovascular complications in RA.

Keywords:
Dickkopf-1cardiovascular diseasecatestatinfetuin-Agalectin-3interleukin-32rheumatoid arthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Cardiology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) significantly elevates cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, accelerating atherosclerosis via inflammation.
  • Traditional risk factors and systemic inflammation in RA contribute to increased morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging biomarkers for cardiovascular risk assessment in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • To explore the potential of novel markers for early CVD detection and improved treatment strategies in RA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on biomarkers such as interleukin-32 (IL-32), Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), catestatin (CST), and fetuin-A (Fet-A).
  • Analysis of the role of these biomarkers in RA-associated inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.

Main Results:

  • IL-32 and DKK-1 are linked to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerotic plaque development in RA.
  • Gal-3 correlates with RA disease activity and cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Catestatin and Fet-A roles in RA-related CVD are under investigation, with conflicting data for Fet-A.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging biomarkers offer insights into RA's cardiovascular comorbidities.
  • Further large-scale studies are needed to validate clinical utility for risk stratification.
  • These research-phase biomarkers could improve cardiovascular risk management in RA patients.