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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

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Published on: February 7, 2017

C3 and C6 complement types in schizophrenia.

C Rudduck, L Beckman, G Franzén

|January 1, 1985

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Schizophrenia patients showed significant differences in complement C3 types compared to controls. The study found an increased frequency of the C3F gene in individuals with schizophrenia, suggesting a potential role for complement C3 in the disorder.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

The complement system, a crucial part of innate immunity, plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes.
Alterations in immune system components, including complement proteins, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between complement C3 and C6 gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia.
To determine if specific complement C3 types or C6 variants are more prevalent in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls.

Main Methods:

Analysis of complement C3 and C6 types in blood samples from schizophrenic patients and a control group.
Statistical comparison of the distribution of C3 (F, FS, S) and C6 gene/phenotype frequencies between the two groups.

Main Results:

A significant difference in the distribution of common C3 types (F, FS, S) was observed between schizophrenic patients and controls (p < 0.005).
The frequency of the C3F gene was significantly elevated in schizophrenic patients (p < 0.0005).
No significant differences in C6 gene or phenotype frequencies were found between patients and controls.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest a potential genetic link between complement C3 and schizophrenia.
The increased prevalence of the C3F gene in schizophrenia warrants further investigation into the role of complement C3 in the disease.