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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Related Experiment Videos

Bacterial genome structural variation: prevalence, mechanisms, and consequences.

Emma V Waters1, Sarah K Cameron2, Gemma C Langridge1

  • 1Microbes and Food Safety, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK; Centre for Microbial Interactions, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.

Trends in Microbiology
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial genome structure, revealed by long-read sequencing, is highly variable and impacts gene expression and bacterial evolution. Understanding this variation is crucial for studying bacterial adaptation and infection.

Keywords:
Bordetella pertussisSalmonella Typhigenome rearrangementgenome structureheteroresistancelong-read sequencing

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Numerous bacterial genome sequences exist, but most are fragmented due to short-read sequencing limitations.
  • Long-read sequencing enables complete bacterial genome assemblies, uncovering significant structural variability.
  • Bacterial genome structure, including gene order and orientation, is increasingly recognized as a key factor influencing phenotype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of bacterial genome structure variation.
  • To discuss the challenges in studying this phenomenon.
  • To explore the impact of genome structure on bacterial adaptation, evolution, virulence, and infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bacterial genomics and sequencing technologies.
  • Analysis of data highlighting genome structure variability across bacterial species.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking genome structure to gene expression and phenotypic traits.

Main Results:

  • Long-read sequencing reveals extensive variation in bacterial genome structure, challenging previous assumptions of conserved organization.
  • Genome structure directly influences genome-wide gene expression, affecting bacterial phenotypes.
  • This structural variation plays a significant role in bacterial adaptation and evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial genome structure is a dynamic and crucial aspect of their biology.
  • Further research into genome structure is essential for understanding bacterial evolution, adaptation, and pathogenesis.
  • Long-read sequencing is a key technology for advancing the study of bacterial genome architecture.