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Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Immunotherapy for autoimmune encephalitis.

Lufeng Cheng¹, Bingyang Jia², Chuanlei Wang¹

¹Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.

Cell Death Discovery

|April 29, 2025

Summary

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) treatment benefits from prompt immunotherapy. This review details first-line, second-line, and third-line immunotherapies for AE, including options for refractory cases.

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Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Published on: April 9, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Neurology
Immunology

Background:

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a recognized cause of brain disorders.
Early immunotherapy intervention improves patient outcomes in AE.
Standardized treatment guidelines exist for AE management.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize current immunotherapeutic strategies for AE.
To provide an update on managing refractory AE cases.

Main Methods:

Review of established and emerging immunotherapies for AE.
Categorization of treatments into first-line, second-line, and third-line therapies.
Inclusion of agents targeting plasma cells, cytokines, and intrathecal immune cells.

Main Results:

First-line therapy includes corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and IV immunoglobulin.
Second-line options comprise rituximab, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine.
Third-line treatments involve plasma cell-depleting agents, cytokine modulators, and intrathecal therapies.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive immunotherapeutic approaches are available for AE.
Management strategies are tiered based on treatment response.
Further updates on refractory AE treatments are provided.