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Related Concept Videos

Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Phases of Wound Repair01:28

Phases of Wound Repair

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Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
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In case of deep injuries, trauma to blood vessels results in blood loss. In the meantime, phospholipids released from the ruptured endothelial cellular membrane are converted into arachidonic...
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Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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Layer-by-layer assembly: advancing skin repair, one layer at a time.

Elias Hasan1, Christopher J Lewis2, Joel Giron Hernandez3

  • 1School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK e.a.h.h.hasan2@ncl.ac.uk Piergiorgio.gentile@ncl.ac.uk ana.ferreira-duarte@ncl.ac.uk.

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Spray-assisted Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technology offers a novel approach to wound healing by creating nanoscale coatings with therapeutic agents. This method enhances biocompatibility and cost-efficiency for improved patient outcomes in regenerative medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Skin wound management is a significant global healthcare issue with high costs.
  • Traditional treatments like autografts have limitations in cost, availability, and recovery.
  • Advanced materials offer potential solutions for improved wound healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore spray-assisted Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technology for wound healing applications.
  • To highlight the potential of LbL coatings in accelerating healing and reducing infections.
  • To discuss innovations in spray devices and LbL methods for clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of spray-assisted Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technology for wound healing.
  • Focus on deposition of natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes (chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, collagen).
  • Analysis of emerging spray device innovations and scalability via immersion, spray, and microfluidics.

Main Results:

  • LbL technology enables nanoscale coatings with integrated therapeutic agents.
  • Biocompatible multilayers mimic extracellular matrix, accelerate healing, and reduce infections.
  • Optimized spray parameters enhance cell viability, coverage, and clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Spray-assisted LbL technology presents a transformative approach to wound care.
  • Challenges in manufacturing uniformity and clinical translation need addressing.
  • Further clinical trials and development of portable devices are crucial for widespread adoption.