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Implications and pathophysiology of neuroinflammation in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury: an updated

Shalin S Shah1, Arya J Shetty1, David T Johnston1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|April 30, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Neuroinflammation significantly impacts pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) progression and recovery. This review details neuroinflammation

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major public health concern, potentially causing significant cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial developmental issues.
  • Neuroinflammation plays a critical, yet complex, role in the pathophysiology of pediatric TBI, influencing both initial injury and subsequent recovery phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated examination of neuroinflammation's role in pediatric TBI.
  • To explore the interplay of primary and secondary injury mechanisms driven by neuroinflammatory responses.
  • To discuss advances in diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation in pediatric TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on neuroinflammation in pediatric TBI.
  • Analysis of primary and secondary injury mechanisms involving central and peripheral immune cells.
  • Evaluation of advanced diagnostic techniques including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and positron emission tomography (PET).
  • Review of current and emerging therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammatory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Neuroinflammation is a key mediator in pediatric TBI, involving complex interactions between various immune cells.
  • Advanced imaging (DTI, PET) and biomarker identification offer enhanced insights into neuroinflammatory processes.
  • Therapeutic strategies, including immunomodulatory drugs and stem cell interventions, show promise for managing pediatric TBI.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the multifaceted roles of neuroinflammation is crucial for improving outcomes in pediatric TBI.
  • Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools and developing targeted therapies to mitigate neuroinflammatory damage and promote recovery.
  • This review highlights the need for integrated clinical and research efforts to address the challenges posed by neuroinflammation in pediatric TBI.

Keywords:
biomarkersbrain injuryneuroimagingneuroinflammationpediatric TBItraumatic brain injury

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