Bio-Nano Innovations Targeting the Neurovascular Complex for Epilepsy Treatment

Epilepsy is a prevalent chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures resulting from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. While pharmacotherapy remains the standard treatment, traditional pharmacotherapy faces significant challenges, including poor brain penetration, high drug resistance rates, and providing only symptomatic relief, rather than addressing the underlying causes for a comprehensive cure. Recently, the neurovascular complex (NVC) has gained attention for its critical role in the development and progression of epilepsy. Simultaneously, various innovative bio-nanotechnology systems have emerged, specifically designed to enhance drug delivery across the brain and enable precise targeting within the lesion. Herein, this review begins by outlining the core NVC involved in epilepsy treatment, breaking it down into four key components: the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neurons, glial cells, and the microenvironment. The viability of targeting NVC to improve epilepsy therapy is analyzed. Next, innovative bio-nanotechnology systems, detailing their design principles, construction strategies, and preclinical evaluations in epilepsy therapy are highlighted. Finally, the prospects for next-generation nanotechnologies and the challenges that must be overcome for effective clinical translation are discussed. Overall, this review aims to guide the development of more efficient and precise bio-nano therapies, ultimately enhancing treatment outcomes for epilepsy patients.