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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

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In Vivo Imaging Systems IVIS Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

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Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Peruvian Amazon, 2020.

Marta Piche-Ovares, Maria Paquita García Mendoza, Andres Moreira-Soto

Emerging Infectious Diseases

|April 30, 2025

Summary

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) circulates in the Peruvian Amazon. A 2020-2021 study found a 3.9% antibody detection rate and PCR confirmation in febrile patients, indicating endemicity.

Keywords:

Peru Venezuelan equine encephalitis enzootic genome meningitis/encephalitis serology viruses zoonoses

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Area of Science:

* Arbovirology and Molecular Epidemiology
* Infectious Disease Surveillance

Background:

* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a significant public health concern in South America.
* Understanding VEEV circulation patterns is crucial for effective disease control.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the presence and genetic characteristics of VEEV in febrile patients in the Peruvian Amazon.
* To assess the endemicity of VEEV in the studied region.

Main Methods:

* Screening of 1,972 febrile patients for VEEV using serological and molecular methods (PCR).
* Phylogenetic analysis of VEEV genomes to determine genetic identity and evolutionary history.

Main Results:

* A 3.9% rate of neutralizing antibodies against VEEV was detected.
* Two patients tested positive via PCR for VEEV.
* Sequenced VEEV strains showed 97.6%-98.1% genome identity to Peruvian subtype ID strains.

Conclusions:

* The findings provide evidence for the endemic circulation of VEEV in the Peruvian Amazon.
* Phylogenetic analysis suggests VEEV has been endemic for approximately 54 years, with evidence of purifying selection.