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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
2.6K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.2K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Updated: May 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
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Constructing Palladium-Based Crystalline@Amorphous Core-Shell Heterojunctions for Efficient Formic Acid Oxidation.

Huiling Li1, Jingkun Yu2, Yongming Sui1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of High Pressure and Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, China 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|April 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel palladium (Pd) crystalline@amorphous core-shell structures using non-metallic doping. These structures significantly boost catalytic performance for formic acid oxidation (FAO), offering a new pathway for efficient catalyst design.

Keywords:
core–shell structurecrystalline@amorphousformic acid oxidationheterojunctionspalladium‐based catalyst

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Crystalline@amorphous heterostructures combine high conductivity with abundant active sites.
  • These structures are promising for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical applications.
  • Synthesizing palladium (Pd)-based crystalline@amorphous heterostructures is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a feasible strategy for creating Pd-based crystalline@amorphous core-shell structures.
  • To investigate the catalytic performance of these structures for formic acid oxidation (FAO).
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms enhancing FAO efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Non-metallic element doping to engineer Pd core-shell structures.
  • Fabrication of crystalline@amorphous heterostructures.
  • Electrocatalytic testing for formic acid oxidation.
  • Theoretical and experimental analyses of catalytic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Successfully manufactured Pd-based crystalline@amorphous core-shell structures.
  • Achieved high mass activity of 2.503 A mg-1Pd for FAO.
  • Demonstrated increased surface active sites and lower oxidation energy barriers.
  • Enhanced selectivity towards the direct FAO pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Non-metallic doping enables efficient construction of Pd crystalline@amorphous heterostructures.
  • These heterostructures exhibit superior catalytic activity and selectivity for FAO.
  • The study provides a new platform for developing platinum-group metal (PGM) based catalysts.