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A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
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Published on: February 21, 2025

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Advances and challenges in cancer immunotherapy: Strategies for personalized treatment

Mahir Azmal1, Md Munna Miah1, Fatema Sultana Prima1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Seminars in Oncology
|April 30, 2025
PubMed

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed oncology by harnessing the immune system to specifically target cancer cells, offering reduced systemic toxicity compared to traditional therapies. This review highlights key strategies, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT), immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viral (OV) therapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and mRNA-based vaccines. ACT reinfuses enhanced immune cells like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to combat refractory cancers, while checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockers) restore T-cell activity. OV therapy uses engineered viruses (eg, T-VEC) to selectively lyse cancer cells, and advanced mAbs improve targeting precision. mRNA vaccines introduce tumor-specific antigens to trigger robust immune responses. Despite significant progress, challenges like immune-related side effects, high costs, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments persist. This review underscores the need for combination strategies and precision medicine to overcome these barriers and maximize the potential of immunotherapy in personalized cancer treatment.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityAdoptive cell transferCancer immunotherapyImmunosuppressive microenvironmentsInnate immunityVaccine

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