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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction: Strength and Functionality Testing.

Simon J Padanilam1, Steven R Dayton1, Ryan Jarema2

  • 1Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Video Journal of Sports Medicine
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functionality testing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction helps determine return to sport readiness. Utilizing these tests can significantly reduce the risk of reinjury, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
ACL reconstructionACLR testshop testlimb symmetry indexreturn to sport

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic surgery
  • Sports medicine
  • Rehabilitation science

Background:

  • Functionality testing aids clinicians and patients in assessing readiness for return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
  • Low performance on these tests correlates with an increased risk of reinjury.
  • Historically, a significant percentage of orthopedic surgeons (41% as of 2013) do not routinely use strength or functionality testing for RTS evaluations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of functionality testing in the rehabilitation of ACL reconstruction patients.
  • To emphasize the role of these tests in determining safe return to sport.
  • To present a suite of tests used in intermediate to late-stage rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • The study describes various functional tests including single and triple hop for distance, triple crossover hop, single and double vertical leg jumps, and drop jump landing.
  • Isokinetic and isometric strength testing are also detailed.
  • The Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) is presented as a reliable measure, calculated as the ratio of the involved leg's performance to the uninvolved leg's performance.

Main Results:

  • Incorporating these tests into rehabilitation programs can reduce the risk of ACL reinjury by 75% to 84%.
  • A Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) of 90% or greater on hop tests is a common threshold for passing.
  • Patients achieving an LSI of 90% or higher on these tests demonstrate a lower likelihood of experiencing knee reinjury.

Conclusions:

  • Strength and functionality tests are crucial tools for reducing reinjury risk following ACL reconstruction.
  • While effective, limitations such as equipment and funding may restrict the use of certain tests (e.g., isokinetic/isometric).
  • Combining functional tests with clinical evaluation and psychological assessment, alongside sport-specific testing, optimizes patient outcomes and readiness for return to sport.