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Exploring the 4D printing linked bio-smart materials in dentistry: a concise overview.

Maajida Aafreen M¹, Priyanka K Cholan¹, Paavai Ilango²

¹Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Frontiers in Dental Medicine

|May 1, 2025

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4D printing uses smart materials to create time-responsive dental devices. This technology offers adaptive, personalized, and minimally invasive treatments for complex dental challenges.

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Additive Manufacturing
Dental Engineering

Background:

4D printing builds upon 3D printing by adding time-dependent transformations.
Bio-smart materials are key to enabling programmable shape or behavior changes in 4D printed objects.
These advancements hold significant potential for biomechanics and dentistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the use of smart materials and stimuli in 4D printing.
To emphasize the specific applications and potential of 4D printing in dentistry.
To explore how 4D printing can address biomechanical challenges in dental care.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major scientific databases (EMBASE, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library) and clinical trial registries.

Keywords:

4D printing bio-smart materials hydrogels responsive smart materials smart polymers

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154 articles related to 4D printing, biomaterials, and stimuli in dental applications were identified.

84 articles were deemed pertinent, with 25 specifically focusing on 4D printing and smart materials for dental use.

Main Results:

Key biomaterials enabling programmable responses include shape memory polymers, shape memory elastomers, responsive inks, and hydrogels.
These materials allow for the creation of structures that adapt, self-assemble, or respond to environmental stimuli (temperature, moisture, pH).
Potential dental applications include orthodontics, dental implants, and tissue engineering.

Conclusions:

The integration of 4D printing with bio-smart materials promises to revolutionize dentistry.
This technology facilitates the development of adaptive, time-responsive dental structures.
It enables personalized, precise, and minimally invasive treatments for complex dental issues.