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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

Patellar MACI With Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy.

John R Matthews^1,2, Ryan W Paul³, Kevin Freedman⁴

¹Rothman Orthopedic Medicine Sports Fellow. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Video Journal of Sports Medicine

|May 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Matrix autologous chondrocyte implantation combined with tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) and lateral retinacular lengthening effectively treats large patellar cartilage defects and maltracking, restoring knee function.

Keywords:

MACI articular cartilage autologous chondrocyte implantation knee patellar

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Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Regenerative Medicine
Sports Medicine

Background:

Chondral pathology affects 63-66% of knee arthroscopies.
Unaddressed cartilage defects lead to poor knee function and arthritis.
Chondral procedures are increasingly common, with over 200,000 performed annually.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a case of successful treatment for a large patellar articular cartilage defect with maltracking.
To evaluate the efficacy of matrix autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) combined with surgical realignment.

Main Methods:

A 32-year-old female athlete with persistent knee pain underwent MACI.
The procedure included a concomitant tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) and lateral retinacular lengthening.

Main Results:

The patient experienced complete pain relief and full range of motion at 9 weeks post-surgery.
Symmetric range of motion and progressive quadriceps strengthening were observed.

Conclusions:

MACI with TTO and lateral retinacular lengthening is a successful treatment for large patellar chondral defects and maltracking.
This combined approach can restore knee function in active individuals.