An alternating breathing pattern significantly affects the brain functional connectivity and mood states

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Psychophysiology
• Respiratory Medicine

Background:

• Breathing patterns significantly influence physiological and emotional states.
• Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying different breathing techniques is crucial for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the differential effects of various controlled breathing patterns on brain functional connectivity and emotional states.
• To explore the impact of breathing on autonomic nervous system activity and cerebral oxygenation.

Main Methods:

• Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure brain activity in 31 participants.
• Participants performed four breathing patterns: calm, shallow, deep, and alternating deep/shallow.
• Facial expressions and vital signs were monitored concurrently.

Main Results:

• Significant variations in brain connectivity, facial expressions, and vital signs were observed across breathing patterns.
• Alternating deep and shallow breathing demonstrated a pronounced effect, enhancing functional connectivity and autonomic nervous system activity.
• This pattern also showed a more positive influence on brain oxyhaemoglobin concentration compared to deep breathing.

Conclusions:

• Alternating shallow and deep breathing can improve emotional stability, autonomic function, and brain connectivity.
• Findings provide a theoretical basis for respiratory rehabilitation, particularly for stroke patients.
• Distinct breathing patterns exert unique effects on brain function and mood.