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Evidence for Cognitive Spatial Models from Ancient Roman Land-Measurement.

Andrew M Riggsby1

  • 1Classics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

Brain Sciences
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ancient Romans possessed sophisticated spatial cognition, utilizing both route-based and survey-based mental maps. This challenges previous assumptions about cognitive maps in the Classical Mediterranean, revealing integrated spatial representations.

Keywords:
allocentriccognitive mapscultural evolutionegocentricroutesurveywayfinding

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • History of cartography
  • Classical studies

Background:

  • Previous scholarship posits a lack of survey-type (allocentric) cognitive maps in the Classical Mediterranean.
  • This absence was thought to explain the scarcity of map-like spatial representations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the cognitive claim of absent survey-type mental maps in the ancient Roman world.
  • To investigate the nature of spatial representations used by ancient Roman land-measurers.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of verbal descriptions of land plots from ancient Roman land-measurers.
  • Examination of features within these descriptions that indicate underlying mental models of space.

Main Results:

  • Verbal descriptions revealed features suggesting the presence of survey-type (allocentric) mental models.
  • Evidence indicates integration of survey-type and route-type (egocentric) mental representations.
  • The findings align with contemporary theories on spatial representation interaction and cultural variations.

Conclusions:

  • Ancient Roman spatial cognition was more complex than previously assumed, incorporating both egocentric and allocentric representations.
  • The study demonstrates an interaction between different types of spatial representations in historical contexts.
  • This research reframes our understanding of cognitive maps and cartographic history in the Classical Mediterranean.