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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Neurons, the fundamental units of the nervous system, can be classified based on both their structural and functional characteristics.
Structurally, neurons are categorized into three main types: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar (or pseudounipolar). Multipolar neurons, which are the most common type in the brain and spinal cord, as well as all motor neurons, possess multiple dendrites and a single axon.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Updated: May 8, 2025

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Nerve Types and Classification of Neurons Innervating Oral Cancer.

Cindy G Perez-Pacheco1, Laura A Gonzalez-Maldonado1, Allison Furgal2

  • 1Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is primarily innervated by sensory nerves, with an increase in sensory and sympathetic nerve types within tumors. This highlights the crucial role of sensory innervation in OSCC progression and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Neural invasion is linked to poor survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
  • The specific types of nerves involved in OSCC innervation remain unclear, hindering mechanistic and translational research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively characterize the types of nerves innervating human OSCC.
  • To investigate the role of sensory neurons in OSCC using mouse models.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry to identify sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerves in 71 human OSCC samples.
  • Neuronal tracing, transcriptomic profiling, and transgenic mice to study sensory innervation in OSCC.
  • Analysis of nerve types in relation to perineural invasion (PNI).

Main Results:

  • OSCC is predominantly innervated by sensory nerves, often mixed with other types.
  • Tumor bulk showed increased exclusively sensory and mixed sensory-sympathetic nerves compared to the margin.
  • Exclusively sensory and mixed sensory-sympathetic nerves were more prevalent in PNI+ cases.
  • Mouse models revealed an increase in Calca+ nociceptors and a decrease in mechanoreceptors in OSCC.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first detailed characterization of nerve types in OSCC.
  • Sensory innervation, particularly by nociceptors, plays a significant role in OSCC.
  • Findings are crucial for developing targeted treatment strategies for OSCC.